Effects of fibre on the optimal threonine
The University of Illinois conducted an experiment to determine the effects of dietary fibre on the optimum threonine:lysine ratio in 25 to 50 kg growing gilts. Use of high-fibre, low-cost ingredients, such as co-products from grain processing industries, in swine diets is increasing. Hans Stein from the University’s Monogastric Nutrition Laboratory explored the effects.
Use of high-fibre, low-cost ingredients, such as co-products from grain processing industries, in swine diets is increasing. Pigs fed diets containing high levels of fibre have increased intestinal mass due to increased amount of microbial fermentation in the hindgut. Therefore, they also have increased endogenous loss of amino acids in the form of mucins, the proteins that line the intestinal tract. The abrasiveness of fibre stimulates the secretion of mucins as well. These factors may cause the threonine requirement to be increased in high fibre diets, because threonine is present in large amounts in mucins. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to determine the effects of dietary fibre on the optimum threonine:lysine ratio (Thr:Lys) in 25 to 50 kg growing gilts.
Materials and methods
A total of 192 gilts with average initial body weight of 26.29 kg were fed one of 12 diets. The low-fiber basal diet contained approximately 0.40% SID Thr and 0.90% SID Lys. The high-fibre basal diet was formulated by adding 15% soybean hulls to the low-fibre basal diet at the expense of corn starch. Ten additional diets were formulated by adding crystalline L-Thr to each basal diet to create diets containing SID Thr:Lys ratios of 0.45, 0.54, 0.63, 0.72, 0.81, and 0.90. Pigs were weighed at the beginning of the study and on the 28th day, and final body weight, average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain:feed ratio (G:F) were calculated.
Broken-line and quadratic analysis were used for each of the growth performance measures. In broken-line analysis, determinations for requirements are defined as the intersection point between the slope and plateau portion of the model. Quadratic analysis fits a quadratic line to the data, and estimates the requirement as the level determined by the apex of the curve. Broken line analysis tends to yield conservative estimates, while quadratic analysis may overestimate requirements. Therefore, a combination of the two types of analyses was used. The concentration of Thr at which the quadratic regression line and the plateau value from the broken line analysis intersected was used to estimate the ideal SID Thr:Lys ratio for those growth performance parameters which differed both linearly and quadratically. The estimated ideals within each fibre level were averaged, and the average was determined to be the ideal SID Thr:Lys ratio.
Growth performance
For pigs fed the low-fibre diets, ADG and G:F increased both linearly (P < 0.01) and quadratically (P < 0.05) as the concentration of Thr increased in the diets (Table 1). Final body weight increased linearly (P< 0.01) as Thr concentration increased. ADFI was not affected by the Thr concentration in the diets. For pigs fed the high-fibre diets, ADG and G:F increased both linearly (P < 0.001) and quadratically (P < 0.05) as the concentration of Thr increased in the diets. Final BW and ADFI increased linearly (P < 0.05) as Thr concentration increased.
Thr:Lys requirement estimates
For pigs fed the low-fiber diets, broken-line analyses estimated the optimum SID Thr:Lys ratio to be 0.60 for ADG (Figure 1) and 0.59 for G:F (Figure 2). Quadratic analyses estimated the optimum SID Thr:Lys ratio to be 0.76 for ADG (Figure 1) and 0.73 for G:F (Figure 2). Combining the broken-line and quadratic analyses yielded an estimated optimum SID Thr:Lys ratio of 0.66 for ADG (Figure 1) and 0.63 for G:F (Figure 2).
For pigs fed the high-fibre diets, broken-line analyses estimated the optimum SID Thr:Lys ratio to be 0.66 for ADG (Figure 3) and 0.55 for G:F (Figure 4). Quadratic analyses estimated the optimum SID Thr:Lys ratio to be 0.80 for ADG (Figure 3) and 0.75 for G:F (Figure 4). Combining the broken-line and quadratic analyses yielded an estimated optimum SID Thr:Lys ratio of 0.71 for ADG (Figure 3) and 0.63 for G:F (Figure 4).
Key points
- For 25 to 50 kg growing gilts fed high-fibre diets, ADG will be optimised with a Thr:Lys ratio is 0.71
- For 25 to 50 kg growing gilts fed low-fibre diets, the ideal Thr:Lys ratio to optimise ADG is 0.66
- The ideal Thr:Lys ratio to optimise G:F in 25 to 50 kg growing gilts is 0.63, regardless of fibre content of the diets
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