From bin to pig: optimising product forms for nursery diet success
When evaluating the right type of feed, not only aspects like cost or feed efficiency should be considered. Also the form can play a role, writes nutrition technology expert Dr Casey Bradley.
In a recent project, I revisited the critical topic of product forms, feed forms and application methods for new feed additives in poultry and swine diets. This brought me back to my early career, when these considerations were pivotal in designing nursery feed programmes.
One hard-earned lesson stands out: even the most optimised formulation fails if it does not flow smoothly from the feed truck or bin – a realisation that reshaped how I selected whey products to balance milk protein and lactose in nursery formulations. Beyond flowability, what other product forms deserve careful consideration in nursery diets?
Feed forms
Feed form is a critical factor in nursery diets, balancing performance, cost and practicality. Key considerations include corn particle size, meal versus pellet, pellet size and wet versus dry feeding. Research from Kansas State University highlights that for meal diets, grain particle sizes between 500-600 microns optimise digestibility and performance, while a finer size of around 350 microns improves pellet quality and reduces wastage in pelleted diets.
The type of feed mill also plays a role. Multi-species or multi-phase mills often prioritise efficiency over pig performance optimisation, creating a challenging trade-off. Flowability, particularly in meal diets, must not be overlooked to ensure smooth handling without compromising diet efficacy or cost.
Balancing digestibility with cost and formulation constraints is complex
Protein forms
The weaned pig faces rapid physiological changes, transitioning from milk-based to solid feeds. Research underscores the benefits of reducing crude protein to mitigate post-weaning diarrhoea, while higher soybean meal levels can support pigs during challenges like PRRS. Optimising amino acid profiles with highly digestible proteins is essential, particularly given lower post-weaning intakes.
Balancing digestibility with cost and formulation constraints is complex. Regional factors, feedstuff availability and pig flow must guide protein selection. Milk proteins, for example, can be highly effective but may pose challenges for feed mill efficiency and budgets. Striking the right balance requires a nuanced approach that aligns biological needs with logistical realities.
Energy forms
Energy is one of the most expensive components in nursery diets, derived from fats, carbohydrates and proteins. Cost-effective by-products such as bakery meal and cereal by-products provide practical high-energy options. Sugar equivalents as lactose replacements offer a cost-effective evolution in energy strategies.
Short- and medium-chain fatty acids, such as butyrate, provide dual benefits by serving as energy sources and supporting gut health. Butyrate aids gut development during transitionary challenges while mitigating bacterial issues like Salmonella. Enzymes further enhance energy utilisation by improving digestibility, supporting growth and optimising feed efficiency.
Concluding remarks
Product form considerations are critical for nursery pig performance and gut health, influencing everything from small components like vitamins to major protein and energy sources. While this piece has touched on key areas such as feed forms, protein and energy, the complexity of nursery diet optimisation requires a holistic approach.
By evaluating these factors at every level, producers can meet both the immediate and long-term needs of their herds. Success lies in thoughtful, science-backed decisions that ensure every aspect of the diet contributes to the health and productivity of nursery pigs.
